Estilo directo e indirecto en inglés (reported speech)
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Regístrate gratisEl reported speech sirve para parafrasear ideas expresadas por otra persona con el fin de narrar con nuestras propias palabras lo que alguien ha dicho. Al repetir esas palabras los tiempos verbales sufren una serie de modificaciones. El reported speech conlleva responder a la pregunta "¿Qué ha dicho?".
El estilo directo repite las palabras exactas, tal y como han sido dichas. Las citas o la frases que se repite van entrecomilladas y no se modifica el tiempo verbal.
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El estilo indirecto se utiliza para hablar del pasado por lo que implica una modificación de los tiempos verbales. Utilizamos verbos: “say”, “tell”, "advise", "promise" o “ask” seguidos normalmente de la palabra “that”, para presentar el discurso que se ha dicho.
El tiempo verbal de una oración cambia cuando pasamos de estilo directo a estilo indirecto. Tiene sentido, pues en español también se modifica el tiempo verbal. En la siguiente tabla se recoge la conversión de los tiempos verbales a estilo indirecto:
Estilo directo | Estilo indirecto | ||
---|---|---|---|
Presente simple | "He is a teacher", she said. | Pasado simple | She said that he was a teacher. |
Presente continuo | He said, "I am making dinner". | Pasado continuo | He said that he was making dinner. |
Presente perfecto | They asked, "Have you been to Australia?" | Pasado perfecto | They asked me if I had been to Australia. |
Presente perfecto continuo | “I’ve been studying Italian for four years,” he said. | Pasado perfecto continuo | He said he’d been studying Italian for four years. |
Pasado simple | Mary said: “I didn’t go to school yesterday". | Pasado perfecto | Mary said that she hadn’t gone to school the day before. |
Pasado continuo | He said, "I was having a shower when you called". | Pasado perfecto continuo | He said that he had been having a shower when I called. |
Pasado perfecto | "I had prepared something special for you", he said. | Pasado perfecto (no cambia) | He said that he had prepared something special for me. |
Pasado perfecto continuo | She said, “I had been repairing the car before we went.” | Pasado perfecto continuo (no cambia) | She said that she had been repairing the car before they went. |
Futuro simple | He said, "I will go tomorrow" | Auxiliar would | He said that he would go tomorrow. |
En algunos verbos modales el tiempo verbal también se modifica:
Estilo directo | Estilo indirecto | ||
---|---|---|---|
Can | “Can you open the door, please?”, he asked. | Could | He asked me if I could open the door. |
Must | “You must wear your seat belt,” the police said. | Had to | The police said that I had to wear my seat belt. |
Shall | "Shall we go to the beach today?” Mom asked. | Should | Mom asked if we should go to the beach that day. |
May | "May I help you?", he asked. | Might/ could | He asked me if he could help me. |
Hay expresiones de tiempo o lugares que también sufren modificaciones al pasar de estilo directo a indirecto:
Estilo directo | Estilo indirecto |
---|---|
Here | There |
Now | Then |
Today | That day |
Tomorrow | The following day |
A week ago/ last week | A week before/ the previous week |
Last month | The month before/the previous month |
Next year | The following year |
In four years | Four years from then |
This | That |
These | Those |