Turkish verb conjugation and tenses

There are 4 main tenses in the Turkish language:

1. The present continuous tense (şimdiki zaman)
2. The present simple tense (geniş zaman )
3. The past tense (geçmiş zaman)
4. The future tense (gelecek zaman) 

1. The present continuous tense (şimdiki zaman)

The present continuous tense is used to show what is happening now at this moment and also used to express something that will happen in the near future. The present tense suffix "-iyor" (-ing) does not follow the vowel harmony rules and always retains in the "-yor-" form.

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2. The present simple tense (geniş zaman)

The present simple tense shows a habitual action that someone has done in the past, still does now and will continue to do in the future. The suffix -(e/i)r is added to the root of the verb. These endings change to ''-ar, -er, -ır, -ir, -ur, -ür, -r'' depending on the vowel harmony rules.

3. The past tense (geçmiş zaman)

The past tense shows completed events in the past. There are two suffixes that are used in the past tense in Turkish:

1. '-di' (definite past tense) 
2. '-miş' (indefinite past tense).

The difference between those suffixes is depending on whether the speaker witnessed the event or not.

Definite past tense (-di'li geçmiş zaman)

The definite past tense is used when you have personal knowledge or directly experienced something.  The suffix '-di' is used and can be formed as ''-dı -du, -dü, -ti, -tı -tu, -tü'' according to the vowel harmony rules.

Indefinite past tense

The indefinite past tense is used for reporting when the event has not been witnessed personally. The suffix '-miş' is used and can be formed as ''-muş, -mış, -müş'' according to the vowel harmony rules.

4. The future tense (gelecek zaman)

The future tense shows what will happen in the future. The future tense suffixes are '-(y)ecek' (most common) or  '-(y)acak' depending on the vowel harmony rules.